Theoretical and practical aspects of the design and production of synthetic holograms for transmission electron microscopy

Beam shaping - the ability to engineer phase and amplitude of massive massless particles has long interested scientists working on communication, imaging foundations quantum mechanics. In light optics, electromagnetic waves (photons) can be achieved using techniques that include, but are not limited to, direct manipulation beam source (as in X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs) Synchrotrons), deformable mirrors, spatial modulators, mode converters holograms. The recent introduction holographic masks for electrons provides new possibilities electron shaping. Their fabrication been made possible by advances micrometric nanometric device production lithography focused ion patterning. This article a tutorial generation, analysis synthetic holograms transmission microscopy. It begins with an holograms, outlining why they useful study material properties. then focuses required devices from theoretical experimental perspectives, examples taken both simulations results. Applications as aberration correctors, vortex generators sorters presented.